tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-70980367647331698902024-03-13T01:26:34.686-07:00Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Welcome to our website, where we provide a comprehensive overview of refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Refrigeration and air conditioning are vital technologies that have revolutionized our daily lives by enabling us to control and maintain desired temperatures in various settings.
Refrigeration involves the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to lower its temperature, resulting in the preservation and cooling of perishable goods.Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.comBlogger73125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-56982483905100200962023-07-09T03:34:00.000-07:002023-07-09T03:34:00.797-07:00Swaging Copper Tubing <div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrJqwiQ-gRtslguAoMS0E59hN1VmIXeJgYmyMN_5tYnFj1INm04H7O0TnOofjK68RLp7p2kx3DnMQNXephx0I-Ggzp3TOFySFvpAbftel-loemw1c60Qt3xefshISY9kxEBYnXw4PM14yL3BSRZfeJ9VPIV2BoU-tcUA6sawrd96Bz9exWjG_cqYi71ls/s1200/Swaging%20Copper%20Tubing.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Swaging Copper Tubing" border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrJqwiQ-gRtslguAoMS0E59hN1VmIXeJgYmyMN_5tYnFj1INm04H7O0TnOofjK68RLp7p2kx3DnMQNXephx0I-Ggzp3TOFySFvpAbftel-loemw1c60Qt3xefshISY9kxEBYnXw4PM14yL3BSRZfeJ9VPIV2BoU-tcUA6sawrd96Bz9exWjG_cqYi71ls/w640-h640/Swaging%20Copper%20Tubing.png" title="Swaging Copper Tubing" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div> Swaging permits two pieces of soft copper tubing of the same diameter to be joined together without the use of fittings as shown in Fig. 2-17.</span><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUkRZomxWO7T9loxQfRTc-t9kkgURhl9fFKql53WfLssquMPiDw1Z3FO1mtKNiR_1KMbFIxWNSpA-RPw7eEP56JFgeLHgUPZYXiwqGPQopKcpqZFpQAYIzAdkFxOzRsQuiuiAJO6AwAK9BzIHrWOAfil0_puupAURA9BzaMgj0DPhfofnbfPfjPQ-DDow/s1700/Adobe%20Scan%2009%20Jul%202023%20(1)_1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="1700" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUkRZomxWO7T9loxQfRTc-t9kkgURhl9fFKql53WfLssquMPiDw1Z3FO1mtKNiR_1KMbFIxWNSpA-RPw7eEP56JFgeLHgUPZYXiwqGPQopKcpqZFpQAYIzAdkFxOzRsQuiuiAJO6AwAK9BzIHrWOAfil0_puupAURA9BzaMgj0DPhfofnbfPfjPQ-DDow/w640-h296/Adobe%20Scan%2009%20Jul%202023%20(1)_1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 2-17. Two pieces of soft copper tubing are shown swaged and ready for soldering or brazing to make a joint connecting the two pieces of tubing. Note that both pieces of the tubing are of the same diameter. </td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><span style="font-family: arial;">The process of swaging copper tubing is often used as it is more convenient to solder one joint than to make two joints when using couplings. The length of engagement of the two pieces of tubing is important. A general rule is to make the length of engagement equal to the outside diameter (0D) of the tubing.<br /><br />There are two types of swaging tools available: the punch type and the screw type. In both cases, different sizes are available for Users with the various sizes of copper tubing. The screw-type swaging tool is Used in the same manner as the flaring tool. When using the punch-type swaging tool, the copper tubing is inserted into the correct hole size in the anvil block and then a corresponding punch is inserted into the copper tubing and hammered down until the punch has entered the tubing at the desired distance. Fig. 2-18 shows a punch-type swaging tool. Many prefer to use streamlined fittings when joining two pieces of tubing of the same diameter as it saves the time required to swage the one tube. </span></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-79439740533432610292023-07-09T03:08:00.001-07:002023-07-09T03:08:10.823-07:00Annealing Tubing<div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1ko3zbBsvJrKKUi1CmhTllDP8i-i0DjDuAvxXweIn2moIsqm2yxf5X3JLVupcNKoR0lz1Hy-x6QJbZNTpIFGMGoLLpoQHvdPaPBngNMDtPp45x53EsvRRxoG8IPywm5ViXrVwrVy_P0J-Cmo_NBlfBbalIT7sJVBYq3yMQ1rgHsDvrzAcLXxZCofsxas/s1080/Annealing%20Tubing.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Annealing Tubing" border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1ko3zbBsvJrKKUi1CmhTllDP8i-i0DjDuAvxXweIn2moIsqm2yxf5X3JLVupcNKoR0lz1Hy-x6QJbZNTpIFGMGoLLpoQHvdPaPBngNMDtPp45x53EsvRRxoG8IPywm5ViXrVwrVy_P0J-Cmo_NBlfBbalIT7sJVBYq3yMQ1rgHsDvrzAcLXxZCofsxas/w640-h640/Annealing%20Tubing.png" title="Annealing Tubing" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div> If a flare splits when being made, it may be due to the age of the tubing. Old tubing becomes brittle after a certain period of use and cannot be flared satisfactorily. A remedy is to anneal the tubing by heating it to a dull cherry red or blue color and allowing it to cool in air or water. Pounding, rough handling, or bending the tubing tends to harden it. Hard-drawn tubing cannot be bent or flared unless annealed. </span>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-73418144541608144192023-07-07T04:34:00.005-07:002023-07-07T04:34:56.346-07:00 Double Thickness Flare <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6QqiCI6pTClLZoq0f7EfKksRdYKxDqNWJNEpN1arewAFbbC8fW1TTWC0MV-HqQvbvzCoq5vYKcT3cpHl_xrf4uuL8PRcvEyTWJtLGP0varoCI-EcGoI9jlKOaftV1zlZ9ttF0SPtuUAbMc2oIvWQIgWqNrzf8ehGIngYNB_DwNES-6w6fvWV2YJJouX4/s1920/5654654516.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Double Thickness Flare" border="0" data-original-height="1090" data-original-width="1920" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6QqiCI6pTClLZoq0f7EfKksRdYKxDqNWJNEpN1arewAFbbC8fW1TTWC0MV-HqQvbvzCoq5vYKcT3cpHl_xrf4uuL8PRcvEyTWJtLGP0varoCI-EcGoI9jlKOaftV1zlZ9ttF0SPtuUAbMc2oIvWQIgWqNrzf8ehGIngYNB_DwNES-6w6fvWV2YJJouX4/w640-h364/5654654516.png" title="Double Thickness Flare" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><span style="font-family: arial;">Double-thickness flares are formed with tools made for this purpose, Fig. 2-14 illustrates a cross-section through a simple block-and-punch type of tool used to make </span><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilWA0p0nlDh4_MQIFbz01Ngug43AgL8wAYLVsWee49Ix9rp30DtdS1Z_asV0EpycOpnlioSo_hLthzQ6YEuD0oicA4d69P4sxAE2Vpixk8jkNmsbZIiXEnCQbpDw0o98wEyhOKd7paLzU9z51pKVkjc99TL0VlFI8ctpMT-wonFI07SRGf2hnTl1Xgktg/s1700/Adobe%20Scan%2007%20Jul%202023%20(3)_1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="816" data-original-width="1700" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilWA0p0nlDh4_MQIFbz01Ngug43AgL8wAYLVsWee49Ix9rp30DtdS1Z_asV0EpycOpnlioSo_hLthzQ6YEuD0oicA4d69P4sxAE2Vpixk8jkNmsbZIiXEnCQbpDw0o98wEyhOKd7paLzU9z51pKVkjc99TL0VlFI8ctpMT-wonFI07SRGf2hnTl1Xgktg/w640-h308/Adobe%20Scan%2007%20Jul%202023%20(3)_1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 2-14. A cross-section showing a simple block and punch tool for forming double flares on copper tubing. A-The tube is clamped in the body of the flaring block. B-The first (female) punch bends the end of the tube inward. C-The second (male) punch folds the end of the tube down to form a double thickness and expands the flare into the final form. </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">a double flare. The appear appearance of the double flare is shown in the final operation in this figure. Some flaring tools are fitted with adapters which makes it possible to form either single or double flares wi with the same tool. Fig. 2-15 shows such a tool.</span><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSTtG7w8RFrnFbMvDZifErSn7JLPKYgYI5bghRk8djv2bfAmFP0Xtt02EK0GxEomrX2-hqBIzeCRH5PXkhJ4XN4zE0IqURaKN_q0Bt8seL999yRtZGnU6vI3r2egxNoOWExxPmkri6yaWz3liDRNMqe3oDjeAbYZZAcUqELut3gQSpGzAJuRTg2qBNXGQ/s1700/20230707_155655.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="897" data-original-width="1700" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSTtG7w8RFrnFbMvDZifErSn7JLPKYgYI5bghRk8djv2bfAmFP0Xtt02EK0GxEomrX2-hqBIzeCRH5PXkhJ4XN4zE0IqURaKN_q0Bt8seL999yRtZGnU6vI3r2egxNoOWExxPmkri6yaWz3liDRNMqe3oDjeAbYZZAcUqELut3gQSpGzAJuRTg2qBNXGQ/w640-h338/20230707_155655.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 2-15. A flaring tool which, with necessary adapters, is capable of producing either single or double flares. (lmperial-Eas tman Corp.) </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 2-16 shows the step-by-step procedure for making a double flare. Double-thickness flares are recommended for only the larger size tubing (5/16 in. and over) and are not easily formed on smaller tubing. The double flare makes a stronger joint than a single flare. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLwSWiPkdN3XXp-P6-Nl5GzrGd66YalVsMmVCwPVJWLO9l70bI99ScJ8AvWTnjnTbcZMWbEo84tVEGW9ebXDq8TOXl0waimff-ARYCEq3g_BvDCgeQXyit1v1umk-DhC3a3Q4xGsYOdYFG8rO0YuuEpJNN7PbCQ_pf0iwJfKdv4oP31l86-BKU73MYK68/s1700/20230707_155629.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="766" data-original-width="1700" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLwSWiPkdN3XXp-P6-Nl5GzrGd66YalVsMmVCwPVJWLO9l70bI99ScJ8AvWTnjnTbcZMWbEo84tVEGW9ebXDq8TOXl0waimff-ARYCEq3g_BvDCgeQXyit1v1umk-DhC3a3Q4xGsYOdYFG8rO0YuuEpJNN7PbCQ_pf0iwJfKdv4oP31l86-BKU73MYK68/w640-h288/20230707_155629.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 2-16. This shows the correct procedure for forming a double flare using the adapters with a combination single flare -double flare, flaring tool. </td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span><div><p><br /></p></div></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-54346390009674081322019-05-15T17:09:00.004-07:002023-07-07T03:33:14.221-07:00Single Thickness Flare<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvHXnaLN-rNbuwereklituVut5JnHCDJPro9ESpq7XyHQNTOeK5rXCEdcvTFQn1gSEz9KXjRPwxitRRGv7o61TJv7mDwaQ5QYmGrMUKR5ZgUW8Si05L55qyp69EmseU-ZuxW3TdBiioME/s1600/14949846.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Single Thickness Flare" border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="1600" height="403" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvHXnaLN-rNbuwereklituVut5JnHCDJPro9ESpq7XyHQNTOeK5rXCEdcvTFQn1gSEz9KXjRPwxitRRGv7o61TJv7mDwaQ5QYmGrMUKR5ZgUW8Si05L55qyp69EmseU-ZuxW3TdBiioME/w640-h403/14949846.jpg" title="Single Thickness Flare" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Before starting a flare, the end of the tube should be carefully prepared for flaring. The end must be straight and square with the tube and the burr from the cutting operation removed by reaming.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 2-11 illustrates the steps necessary to prepare a tube for flaring. First, use</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPltIVyowyETXmDc7REccvJxK2yQo0YtN36fKg8H5XKFXB2U1RVJ7sGMhxFA8AQCvzn7zxjLLyYZp7D9pqmvknQD4S_gr6b5QnpNniZuyoLqM-6qO42hWU5Sg9r4zr_K_9tGqljtbzHk4/s1600/20190515_174907.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1260" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPltIVyowyETXmDc7REccvJxK2yQo0YtN36fKg8H5XKFXB2U1RVJ7sGMhxFA8AQCvzn7zxjLLyYZp7D9pqmvknQD4S_gr6b5QnpNniZuyoLqM-6qO42hWU5Sg9r4zr_K_9tGqljtbzHk4/w499-h640/20190515_174907.jpg" width="499" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fig. 2-11. The end of the tube must be carefully prepared before flaring. A-Shows the tube after being</span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">cut. B-Shows the tube after being squared with a file. C-Shows the tube filed, reamed, and ready for flaring.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">a smooth cut file to square the end of the tube. Use great care that no filings enter the tubing. Next, use a burring reamer to remove the slight burr which remains after</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">the cutoff operation.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">A single-thickness flare may be made with a flaring tool as shown in Fig. 2-12.</span></div></span><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXmwvZyTEZ5FUGz8Sc1xfNYdFIDAyOCG2Xt_gVaH6q2_g0zWxM4-9S7qxkMQmEXxkwcAzI_eqZ__TGE0k9od1caJoVKSrMS6PlhZkRYX5vV_fQ8E4npYLNyh8dwhYWtKTJBxRhsQJnEgQ/s1600/20190515_175601.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1426" data-original-width="1600" height="570" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXmwvZyTEZ5FUGz8Sc1xfNYdFIDAyOCG2Xt_gVaH6q2_g0zWxM4-9S7qxkMQmEXxkwcAzI_eqZ__TGE0k9od1caJoVKSrMS6PlhZkRYX5vV_fQ8E4npYLNyh8dwhYWtKTJBxRhsQJnEgQ/w640-h570/20190515_175601.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fig. 2-12. This illustrates a popular style flaring tool used for making single-thickness flares 01' refrigeration tubing. The flaring block is split making it easy to insert and clamp the tubing in place for flaring. Note the 45 deg. chamfer in the block which gives the flare its correct shape.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">(Duro Metal Products Co.)</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">To produce a flare of the correct dimensions using a chamfered flaring block, proceed as follows:</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Insert the tube in the flaring tool so that it extends above the surface of the block as shown in Fig. 2-13A. This is to allow the sufficient metal to form a full flare If the tube extends above the block more than the amount indicated, the flare will be too large in diameter and the flare nut will not fit over it, If the tube does not extend above the block, the flare will be too small and it may be squeezed out of the fitting as the flare nut is tightened. Fig. 2-138 shows a completed flare as it is formed in the</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">flaring tool.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">To form the flare, first put a drop of refrigerant oil on the flaring tool spinner where it contacts the tubing. Tighten the spinner one-half turn and back it off the one-quarter turn. Advance it three-quarters of a turn and again back it off the one-quarter turn. Repeat the forward movement and back off until the flare is formed.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Some serviceman makes the flare using one continuous motion of the flaring cone;</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">that is, without a back-and-forth motion,</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmsgtMov-_ox9z5lF8kPCmyvsk1VvXRBAZCKY8bQAafFqg6aqIHyKsdUSOhIKa7LWVLoMOckZMuStPK5HcUvCpY-fDsPASP6iGCVDgxEcoc_woihbdBxETc1V3SG0voURFG_rK-Pmzhhw/s1600/20190515_180107.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="837" data-original-width="1600" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmsgtMov-_ox9z5lF8kPCmyvsk1VvXRBAZCKY8bQAafFqg6aqIHyKsdUSOhIKa7LWVLoMOckZMuStPK5HcUvCpY-fDsPASP6iGCVDgxEcoc_woihbdBxETc1V3SG0voURFG_rK-Pmzhhw/w640-h333/20190515_180107.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fig. 2-13. The tubing to be flared should extend a small amount above the flaring block to allow sufficient metal to form a satisfactory flare. The amount to allow is approximately one-third of the height of the flare. A-The proper position of the tube in the flaring tool before flaring. B-A completed flare.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><!--/data/user/0/com.samsung.android.app.notes/files/share/clipdata_190515_181552_353.sdoc--></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">It is believed by some that the continuous turning of the cone, without back turning, may work to harden the tubing and make it more susceptible to splitting.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Some servicemen prefer to use a flare which is not completely formed, about</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">seven-eighths complete, and depend on tightening the flare nut on the flare to</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">complete it.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Under no circumstances tighten up the spinning tool too much because this will thin the wall of the tubing at the flare and weaken it considerably.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">A word to the beginner--always place the flare nut on the tube in the proper position before the flare is made because it cannot, in most cases, be installed on the tube after it has been flared.</span></div></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-34704743714971132052019-05-15T10:50:00.004-07:002023-07-07T03:28:44.900-07:00Flaring Tubing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEOG5foRwuKeAYjltJ0dV7DyjCgIr0lnznoWh2sqZYbw7HToDu5WnGHEEx36DuUszicVKoTdoZhHwRRMNDFteSwzOdS_41OhW0fi_B_J2rI9GbrdVBgH7xYsYEsbAPQXc2nzVBecekKKs/s1600/gusyegyuy.jpg"><img alt="Flaring Tubing" border="0" data-original-height="1458" data-original-width="1600" height="579" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEOG5foRwuKeAYjltJ0dV7DyjCgIr0lnznoWh2sqZYbw7HToDu5WnGHEEx36DuUszicVKoTdoZhHwRRMNDFteSwzOdS_41OhW0fi_B_J2rI9GbrdVBgH7xYsYEsbAPQXc2nzVBecekKKs/w640-h579/gusyegyuy.jpg" title="Flaring Tubing" width="640" /></a></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">A good flare is very important if a solid, strong, leakproof joint is to be made at the flared connection. Tubing flares are made with special flaring tools. Some flares are made which have a single thickness of the tube forming the flare, other flares are made which provide a double thickness of metal in the flare surface.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">The double thickness or "double flares" as they are called are used mostly on commercial applications and on automobile air conditioning installations. Double flares are stronger and usually cause less trouble if properly made. Fig. 2-10 illustrates how a flare is used to form a leakproof joint between a tube and a fitting.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir-bvsGEaPpRLR0_ZObI-_5WCnlGoC4VaSPE5h8zOnoJe2V3AVgG7o2LzoIm96aXvB5NwrQHFZ5pwJ4RXtj__y8DNqnFtpdlaDNiNw7xE_NFMr-bpB1v7J1vRyuz9OKdU0bKr6clu6GAI/s1600/20190515_175125.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Flaring Tubing" border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1164" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir-bvsGEaPpRLR0_ZObI-_5WCnlGoC4VaSPE5h8zOnoJe2V3AVgG7o2LzoIm96aXvB5NwrQHFZ5pwJ4RXtj__y8DNqnFtpdlaDNiNw7xE_NFMr-bpB1v7J1vRyuz9OKdU0bKr6clu6GAI/w464-h640/20190515_175125.jpg" title="Flaring Tubing" width="464" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fig. 2-9. Some practice bends on tubing. A-90 deg.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">bend on 1/4 in. tubing. B-360 deg. bend on 1/4 in.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">tubing. C-90 deg. bend on 1/2 in. tubing. D-180 deg.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">bend on 1/2 in. tubing</span>.</div><div><br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJhpKLrebNCeWGgM8uCMQHT_YE8KcSTx3_XSCCOoaoo66rne-GBPUZoMyOGB8j3lQyD4qcsUkmUYfrmDayAhQqSedZ2zvTGx-SJ0jbZnhq2y3VkIzq8niZpsTs-vwofoiI0LLkqn6TM1o/s1600/20190515_175024.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Flaring Tubing" border="0" data-original-height="1201" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJhpKLrebNCeWGgM8uCMQHT_YE8KcSTx3_XSCCOoaoo66rne-GBPUZoMyOGB8j3lQyD4qcsUkmUYfrmDayAhQqSedZ2zvTGx-SJ0jbZnhq2y3VkIzq8niZpsTs-vwofoiI0LLkqn6TM1o/w640-h480/20190515_175024.jpg" title="Flaring Tubing" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fig. 2-10. A cross section of a flared fitting. Note</span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-that the seal is made by the flare nut surface press-</span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ing the flare against the mating surface of the fitting.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">All of the mating surfaces are accurately machined.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><!--/data/user/0/com.samsung.android.app.notes/files/share/clipdata_190515_174402_446.sdoc--></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-39182424228443754032019-05-14T16:10:00.002-07:002023-07-07T03:26:29.773-07:00Connecting Tubing<div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOmPiVSwG9XvjLyONZFEGstUk_OzDW1Zs-T8cl4exROG3SciyHpo9yxD_YJtypNun3325VJPvOrthC3Rw6pNOqiZNCMZ2AjeIav0hYpvWsxhg2Y7TRLs2Ba0z_GuVGmQC8lJC84Yh03yc/s1600/356568749849.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOmPiVSwG9XvjLyONZFEGstUk_OzDW1Zs-T8cl4exROG3SciyHpo9yxD_YJtypNun3325VJPvOrthC3Rw6pNOqiZNCMZ2AjeIav0hYpvWsxhg2Y7TRLs2Ba0z_GuVGmQC8lJC84Yh03yc/w640-h480/356568749849.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><span style="font-family: arial;">Since tubing walls are too thin for threading, other methods of joining tubing to tubing and to fittings must be used. The common methods are flared connection soldered connection and silver brazed connection.</span></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-85525083429526709182019-04-07T18:00:00.002-07:002023-07-07T03:25:28.317-07:00Absolute Temperature Scales, Rankin, Kelvin<div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7aQCdU33W8NwKoVNv5S4oDFHsDWip1oQAtV9Vhyphenhyphen91-SvCWUqVkVBvsfeNezlmCVJGJWCjfDhib8B1N5v-Hl_TxrKSzYEGt8ND0QEhLzEtCINrcHdhFTVN5tcZ1vqxLQJlUQwzpWbDyjI/s1600/874654964654.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Absolute Temperature Scales" border="0" data-original-height="1075" data-original-width="1600" height="429" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7aQCdU33W8NwKoVNv5S4oDFHsDWip1oQAtV9Vhyphenhyphen91-SvCWUqVkVBvsfeNezlmCVJGJWCjfDhib8B1N5v-Hl_TxrKSzYEGt8ND0QEhLzEtCINrcHdhFTVN5tcZ1vqxLQJlUQwzpWbDyjI/w640-h429/874654964654.jpg" title="Absolute Temperature Scales" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div>There are two absolute temperature scales used in connection with very low-temperature work such as Cryogenics, see Par. 1-49. These two scales are the Fahrenheit Absolute Scale (FA) and the Centigrade Absolute Scale (CA). The Absolute Zero Fahrenheit (FA) Scale uses the same divisions as the Fahrenheit Scale, however, the zero for this scale is located at 460 deg. below zero Fahrenheit.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqw6kMs7ZS1oHyXhKqxXpPFG5WZbai4_lrwpGdJVbJ9kmpIwgRoIiwhRYAI7JJibfIWgIrpLI0gXkSOCk_4a6LVp9gsiF53oycFstbYToqIDaDG4E7aiGtoGr-LcIZxVWLY0GROqQmuyU/s1600/65496568798.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Scales, Rankin, Kelvin" border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1090" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqw6kMs7ZS1oHyXhKqxXpPFG5WZbai4_lrwpGdJVbJ9kmpIwgRoIiwhRYAI7JJibfIWgIrpLI0gXkSOCk_4a6LVp9gsiF53oycFstbYToqIDaDG4E7aiGtoGr-LcIZxVWLY0GROqQmuyU/s640/65496568798.jpg" title="Scales, Rankin, Kelvin" width="433" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">Fig. 1-4. A comparison of Fahrenheit, Centigrade, Rankin, and Kelvin thermometer scales. The a-Boiling<span style="text-align: left;"> temperature of the water. B-Standard conditions temperature. C-Freezing of refrigerating temperatures for food. D-Range food cabinet temperatures. E-Range of evaporator temperatures for food. F-Range of frozen food cabinet temperature of the water. G-Absolute 0</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">The Absolute Zero Centigrade Scale uses the same divisions as the Centigrade Scale which places the zero for the scale 273 deg. below zero Centigrade.<br />The Absolute Fahrenheit Scale is called the Rankin Scale (R).<br />The Absolute Centigrade Scale is called the Kelvin Scale (K).<br />Fig. 1-4 shows a comparison of the Fahrenheit, Centigrade, Rankin, and Kelvin<br />thermometer scales.<br /><br />Problem: What is the freezing point and boiling point of water using the Rankin Scale? <br />Solution: To calculate the freezing point: Water freezes at 32 F.<br />The Rankin Scale zero is 460 degrees below zero F.<br />R temperature at which water will freeze is 460 + 32 = 492 R.<br />The freezing temperature of the water may be expressed as 492 R.<br />To calculate the boiling point:<br />Water boils at 212 degrees above zero F.<br />The boiling point on the Rankin Scale will be:<br />460 + 212 = 672 R.<br />The boiling temperature of the water may be expressed as 672 R.<br /><br />Problem: What is the temperature at which water freezes and boils using the<br />Kelvin Scale?<br />Solution: To calculate the freezing point:<br />Water freezes at zero degrees Centigrade. The Kelvin Scale zero is 273 degrees below zero Centigrade. The freezing temperature of the water is therefore 273 degrees above zero Kelvin<br />or 273 degrees Kelvin.<br />The freezing temperature may be expressed as 273 K.<br />To calculate the boiling point:<br />Water boils at 100 degrees above zero Centigrade,<br />The boiling point of water on the Kelvin Scale will be: 100 + 273 = 373 K. Boiling point may be expressed as 373 K.</span></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-27360562124593292772019-03-17T04:41:00.005-07:002023-07-07T02:29:08.012-07:00Bending Tubing<div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvy8hCfrtzYTRI5obC-t6abvFauqtX40HwA54GDLRCBVGr6YPTqOYFkWd3jBjkRXKTJcN4uFN-ZjoLYOQLRVKd6-UIWftBH6y3JWYzbcA8fxoA08EOCM6mhLRWrsktcrkcRc57wEkdDCw/s1600/maxresdefault.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="bending tubing" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvy8hCfrtzYTRI5obC-t6abvFauqtX40HwA54GDLRCBVGr6YPTqOYFkWd3jBjkRXKTJcN4uFN-ZjoLYOQLRVKd6-UIWftBH6y3JWYzbcA8fxoA08EOCM6mhLRWrsktcrkcRc57wEkdDCw/s640/maxresdefault.jpg" title="bending tubing" width="640" /></a></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div><span style="font-family: arial;">It takes considerable practice to become competent in bending tubing. For the smaller-size tubing used in domestic models, it is not necessary to use special tools to do the bending. However, a much neater job and a much more satisfactory one is obtainable by using special tools. As mentioned before, the tubing should be bent so that it does not apply any strain on the fittings after it has been installed. </span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">The tubing, at the bend, should not be reduced in cross-sectional area. Be very careful when bending the tubing to maintain the roundness of the tubing and do not allow it to flatten out or buckle. The minimum radius in which tubing may be bent is between five and ten times the diameter of the tubing as shown in Fig. 2-5. Tube bending should be done</span><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYqKcB2VK_AD0qPOAWW5bb8T6iGUYV_BheCl9aQk_-rjiGJrCvF6Q5qvXldP__wHPpRP5FLMH1PiKR6y01AwSuqmav78c3GHHGg6wyYSBqFUcNusXJKrSssJn5SEdkO8acFUgxXlH-eaA/s1600/20190317_161933.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="bending radius" border="0" data-original-height="586" data-original-width="1080" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYqKcB2VK_AD0qPOAWW5bb8T6iGUYV_BheCl9aQk_-rjiGJrCvF6Q5qvXldP__wHPpRP5FLMH1PiKR6y01AwSuqmav78c3GHHGg6wyYSBqFUcNusXJKrSssJn5SEdkO8acFUgxXlH-eaA/s640/20190317_161933.jpg" title="bending radius" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 2-5. The minimum safe bending radius for bending tubing. D is the diameter of the tube being bent. </td></tr></tbody></table><script async="" src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-8624390963366903" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-slot="7208292407" style="display: block; text-align: center;"></ins><script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">quite slowly and carefully. It is always wise to bend the tubing into as large a radius as possible because this reduces the amount of flattening of the tubing to a minimum, and it is also easier to bend a large radius. Do not try to make the complete bend in one operation, but bend the tubing gradually so that it will not rupture by too sudden a stress. An inexpensive coil spring bending tool as illustrated in Fig. 2-6 may be easily carried in a kit. These are available in all sizes and are made for both external and internal use. The internal spring is for use near the ends of the tubing</span><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvYeqoUeEFZPXp125_dTAqRNmBy6POzdQdiLTym-TWvjYXrbQwubj8weuvNnBz-eV1XlxCfwocT6vN8upf3jErGoSTlObgL_MiApMlYD3vmFZvDX2ACxQFuNSZMl8YVaz4K9fXzllFP0g/s1600/20190317_161741.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="tube bending spring" border="0" data-original-height="443" data-original-width="1600" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvYeqoUeEFZPXp125_dTAqRNmBy6POzdQdiLTym-TWvjYXrbQwubj8weuvNnBz-eV1XlxCfwocT6vN8upf3jErGoSTlObgL_MiApMlYD3vmFZvDX2ACxQFuNSZMl8YVaz4K9fXzllFP0g/s640/20190317_161741.jpg" title="tube bending spring" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 2-6. A tube bending spring which may be fitted either outside or inside a copper tube while bending the tube. The bending spring reduces the danger of a tube being flattened while being bent.</td></tr></tbody></table><script async="" src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-8624390963366903" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-slot="7208292407" style="display: block; text-align: center;"></ins><script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> <span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">or flared tubing, while the external is best used in the middle of long lengths of tubing. A 1/4 inch OD tube bending spring may be used as an internal spring for 1/2 inch OD tubing.<br /><br />When the tubing is bent with a bending spring, it tends to bind to the tubing. It may be easily removed by twisting the spring to cause the external spring to expand or to cause the internal spring to contract. If a bend is to be made near a flare and an external spring is to be used, bend the tubing first. An internal spring can be used either before or after the flaring operation.<br /><br />Some special tools which have been used to facilitate the bending operations are a round block or a short section of large piping for hand bending. To obtain very accurate work, bending tools may be purchased from manufacturers</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjclvYxMhQQiwkRbTdeCMuYkAA2irsJQn4vxUjVb-4vZ8MMWrXe-M7kAfCzc_6hmEbnmbePFZ4w9wTs1In_KeLZSubag_sAD99W2oWo6Z6nFIQcVQrxG8imxbPbhDJLarUj1rhAdPlDd20/s1600/20190317_161715.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="tube bending tool" border="0" data-original-height="1330" data-original-width="1600" height="532" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjclvYxMhQQiwkRbTdeCMuYkAA2irsJQn4vxUjVb-4vZ8MMWrXe-M7kAfCzc_6hmEbnmbePFZ4w9wTs1In_KeLZSubag_sAD99W2oWo6Z6nFIQcVQrxG8imxbPbhDJLarUj1rhAdPlDd20/s640/20190317_161715.jpg" title="tube bending tool" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 2-7. A tube bending tool designed to produce accurate bends and prevent buckling of the tube while bending.</td></tr></tbody></table><script async="" src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-8624390963366903" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-slot="7208292407" style="display: block; text-align: center;"></ins><script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> <span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 2-7 shows a convenient tool used for bending tubing. A lever-type bender for accurate bending to within 1/32 in, for soft or hard tubing, is shown in Fig. 2-8. It can be purchased in six different sizes to</span><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjswS0BLa-k_zmun9EeGS3DxT3YvprpsUHIRfZWV7Znx7fSRvO-l7TdvO9TkMM85pqrYwPe9eGGqyP3wdAIZMT6r_Lr27LJETengBUmaf25ktkfQRPIAn91dTdHsYU_WCIassy8-zvulBo/s1600/20190317_161804.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="lever type tube bending tool" border="0" data-original-height="884" data-original-width="1600" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjswS0BLa-k_zmun9EeGS3DxT3YvprpsUHIRfZWV7Znx7fSRvO-l7TdvO9TkMM85pqrYwPe9eGGqyP3wdAIZMT6r_Lr27LJETengBUmaf25ktkfQRPIAn91dTdHsYU_WCIassy8-zvulBo/s640/20190317_161804.jpg" title="lever type tube bending tool" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 2-8. A lever type tube bending tool. Bends to a required number of degrees are possible with this tool. Tubing is stretched slightly in length during a bend. The amount of, the stretch (again) is indicated on the bending tool. (Ridge Tool Co.) </td></tr></tbody></table><script async="" src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-8624390963366903" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-slot="7208292407" style="display: block; text-align: center;"></ins><script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script><br /><!--/data/user/0/com.samsung.android.app.notes/files/share/clipdata_190312_174231_685.sdoc--></div><span style="font-family: arial;">match the diameter of the tube to be bent. Always use a bending tool when bending hard-drawn or steel tubing.<br />Fig. 2-9 shows some practice bends on the tubing.</span><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-75097636406692338052019-03-05T00:58:00.002-08:002023-07-07T02:22:51.313-07:00Cutting Tubing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs0xLFM4Bc6iabMFMy5lQJleneWpx-MB0wVGmeBANa1j6c6NJxJJBdva2dx8tc0uana4QQPDEg4TuCIs7Vuso8WJ7Fl4_GKgWJGXPr4xZWigvMZZA0IxwzNAJuttuk0eNv6rvTh9qBfwk/s1600/116_0701_03_z%252Bbend_your_own_brake_lines%252Btubing_cutter.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Cutting Tubing" border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs0xLFM4Bc6iabMFMy5lQJleneWpx-MB0wVGmeBANa1j6c6NJxJJBdva2dx8tc0uana4QQPDEg4TuCIs7Vuso8WJ7Fl4_GKgWJGXPr4xZWigvMZZA0IxwzNAJuttuk0eNv6rvTh9qBfwk/s640/116_0701_03_z%252Bbend_your_own_brake_lines%252Btubing_cutter.jpg" title="Cutting Tubing" width="640" /></a></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><span style="font-family: arial;">To cut tubing a hacksaw or a tube cutter may be used. The tube cutter should be used on the annealed copper tubing while the hacksaw is usually used for cutting hard copper tubing. Fig. 2-3 illustrates a wheel-type tube cutter. After the tubing</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR_bVYt609HHmAkfMGdp2xaP2kH9azzgvcvhH60kG4Jtkcl_mxQXGAOmWmXvtcohdoA-mNm-fm-lJxqvCp14_JBtyex27YCuHQBR6C6pMQkvvuUM3NPH-01ybpCbfz6CiCN-zK8fNNf4k/s1600/20190221_154854.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><img alt="copper tube cutter" border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1288" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR_bVYt609HHmAkfMGdp2xaP2kH9azzgvcvhH60kG4Jtkcl_mxQXGAOmWmXvtcohdoA-mNm-fm-lJxqvCp14_JBtyex27YCuHQBR6C6pMQkvvuUM3NPH-01ybpCbfz6CiCN-zK8fNNf4k/s640/20190221_154854.jpg" title="copper tube cutter" width="513" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 2-3. A copper tube cutter. This type of cutter is usually used on soft copper tubing. Note the attached reamer which is used to remove burrs from the inside of the tube after cutting. The grooves in the rollers allow the cutter to be used to remove a flare</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;">from a tube with little tubing waste.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;">(Imperial-Eastman Corp.)</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">has been cut, its ends must be scraped or reamed with a pointed tool to remove any sharp burrs at the end of the tubing. Most tube cutters have such a tool built into them for this purpose. If a saw is to be used, a wave set blade of 32 teeth per inch is preferable. It is important that no filings or chips of any kind be allowed to enter the tubing. In cutting tubing with a hacksaw, hold the tubing in such a manner that chips will not fall into the section that is to be used. Fig. 2-4 illustrates a sawing fixture.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLivapXWnS3K491mhcuutvzeNlKdcTGpfE_02f6hIUxQTgdoIYTZ7-5RJUlM1Qpw878Prx9V4nBnKe-B6IVhzHJIc65quLSxSy1DvAUe2nPPgbRAcB4DprxP1zShT_f702uHen3hUz4AU/s1600/20190221_154803.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="steel tubing" border="0" data-original-height="1319" data-original-width="1600" height="524" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLivapXWnS3K491mhcuutvzeNlKdcTGpfE_02f6hIUxQTgdoIYTZ7-5RJUlM1Qpw878Prx9V4nBnKe-B6IVhzHJIc65quLSxSy1DvAUe2nPPgbRAcB4DprxP1zShT_f702uHen3hUz4AU/s640/20190221_154803.jpg" title="steel tubing" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Fig. 2-4. A sawing fixture is used to insure square and accurate cuts when cutting tubing with the use of a hand hacksaw. This is the recommended method for cutting hard-drawn and steel tubing.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: arial;">If soft tubing is used, pinching the tube eliminates the danger of chips entering the tubing that is not to be used. It also seals the tubing against moisture and protects it for further use. If hard copper tubing is being used, the tubing ends should be capped or plugged. To provide a full-wall thickness at the end of the tubing, many servicemen file the end of the tubing with a smooth or medium-cut mill file. The tubing should be straight to eliminate an off-center flare.</span></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-47171990173186679332019-02-25T16:24:00.004-08:002023-07-07T02:18:13.410-07:00Nominal Size Copper Tubing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEime0GmA9P6rmZwVaB8RzFJLuYP4yFtK3-7ri4C5M27GXyedpklPwNEhQpvjHdum12NBTuSAUJgkeD76zEZMxY0o0jQWi8HT9oFGE3jiOLpKf3dkLCPcwuiDB9y9P6uergi4mcU8YgVzHg/s1600/copper-tubes-1024x681.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Nominal Size Copper Tubing" border="0" data-original-height="681" data-original-width="1024" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEime0GmA9P6rmZwVaB8RzFJLuYP4yFtK3-7ri4C5M27GXyedpklPwNEhQpvjHdum12NBTuSAUJgkeD76zEZMxY0o0jQWi8HT9oFGE3jiOLpKf3dkLCPcwuiDB9y9P6uergi4mcU8YgVzHg/w640-h424/copper-tubes-1024x681.jpg" title="Nominal Size Copper Tubing" width="640" /></a></div><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">We have in common use a size of copper tubing used on water lines, drains, etc.,</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">but never used in connection with refrigerants.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">This is called the nominal size of copper tubing. It is available in both soft and hard-drawn</span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> grades. <a href="https://refrigerationandac.blogspot.com/2019/02/steel-tubing.html">Fig. 2-2</a> gives a table of commonly used sizes and wall thicknesses</span><br /><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">in this tubing</span></span></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-5442412427298269172019-02-16T03:10:00.002-08:002023-07-07T02:15:14.644-07:00Steel Tubing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxBXJX05EsDyYa97q9YvjdJIRMyHVEuredIHUBbHVI5xmr9k4VnxyfBju4AWtm88jN7XfelQ0hsC6ssAXwHfiAQm6fouL5jJerxJdf8pHfU7WifCOvPs5JvaBblBFK4NpcosI0Od_GxCM/s1600/main-qimg-ed3571798eddefb9142c181ec5e46fbe.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="602" data-original-width="602" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxBXJX05EsDyYa97q9YvjdJIRMyHVEuredIHUBbHVI5xmr9k4VnxyfBju4AWtm88jN7XfelQ0hsC6ssAXwHfiAQm6fouL5jJerxJdf8pHfU7WifCOvPs5JvaBblBFK4NpcosI0Od_GxCM/s400/main-qimg-ed3571798eddefb9142c181ec5e46fbe.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><br /><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Some thin-wall steel tubing is used in refrigeration and air conditioning work.</span><br /><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmAXr4RFwuiXcRyrREM7VUwMYgv5XcYx0EVlqdOj8ImvplAg6WAd4JbRr_wyRFG-DhNaxNYC3Eqii-cGm1C3zVlJ73qDyD-6cxqQkGbpefxVTGJlDUZV-ukVvR3tv9tvbEYRM9BqWcspA/s1600/Graphic1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="table of copper tube Outside Diameter (OD) sizes and Wall Thicknesses" border="0" data-original-height="1512" data-original-width="1600" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmAXr4RFwuiXcRyrREM7VUwMYgv5XcYx0EVlqdOj8ImvplAg6WAd4JbRr_wyRFG-DhNaxNYC3Eqii-cGm1C3zVlJ73qDyD-6cxqQkGbpefxVTGJlDUZV-ukVvR3tv9tvbEYRM9BqWcspA/s320/Graphic1.jpg" title="table of copper tube Outside Diameter (OD) sizes and Wall Thicknesses" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><b>Fig. 2-1</b>. A table of copper tube Outside Diameter (OD) sizes and Wall Thicknesses for tubing used in refrigeration work. This tubing is identified as ACR tubing since it is manufactured particularly for air conditioning and refrigeration work. Both the soft and hard drawn sizes conform to the measurements listed in this table. </span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">The OD size for this tubing is the actual outside diameter of the tube.</span></div><div><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghHCxpz3YCgkecQe6zq8qRH7t0rWhEoo1L3FYYaogNEt_UAxN8YPKRu5vdThuzlaKAgwHoIcZ6Oi_LKKchHKCI31bEB2BQun6WbL3-tYarBIP4ofk5_Sa4nCr6Pnp025zXreWvZlEXxUQ/s1600/32165456.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1404" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghHCxpz3YCgkecQe6zq8qRH7t0rWhEoo1L3FYYaogNEt_UAxN8YPKRu5vdThuzlaKAgwHoIcZ6Oi_LKKchHKCI31bEB2BQun6WbL3-tYarBIP4ofk5_Sa4nCr6Pnp025zXreWvZlEXxUQ/s400/32165456.jpg" width="350" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><b>Fig. 2-2</b>. Nominal size of copper tubing. Not ordinarily used in connection with refrigerants. It should be noted that OD sizes indicated by dimensions are not the actual tube sizes. Type K-Heavy wall. Available in hard and soft temper. Type L-Medium wall. Avail. able in hard and soft temper. Type M-Light wall. </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Available in hard temper only. Type K is used where corrosion conditions are severe. Type L is used where conditions may be considered normal. Type M is used for drainage and other </span>non-pressure<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> applications and other services less severe than those for which types </span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">K and L are recommended.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">The sizes are practically the same as for copper tubing used in refrigeration work. Connections may be made on steel tubing by using either flared fittings or silver brazed connections. Copper or brass tubing should not be used in connection with R-717 (ammonia refrigerant); steel tubing should be used,</span></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-32895428095686645952019-02-15T03:02:00.003-08:002023-07-07T00:40:17.481-07:00Hard Drawn Copper Tubing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDCCypQwRzWQ6SSzhQWAonkAEKqQd7i5i1dBfIXEC2zDowDhGqY7pHSDx1HhO4mOPK5RMAGJnuhIGTa5-bO5E4ICB7jRU1QaUH6rFmpdA4L0z1DruuwS01r89aRd79TIUxzqcmaoYFo4c/s1600/pl19198230-3_8_copper_refrigeration_tubing_hard_drawn_straight_type_small_diameter.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hard Drawn Copper Tubing" border="0" data-original-height="501" data-original-width="700" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDCCypQwRzWQ6SSzhQWAonkAEKqQd7i5i1dBfIXEC2zDowDhGqY7pHSDx1HhO4mOPK5RMAGJnuhIGTa5-bO5E4ICB7jRU1QaUH6rFmpdA4L0z1DruuwS01r89aRd79TIUxzqcmaoYFo4c/s400/pl19198230-3_8_copper_refrigeration_tubing_hard_drawn_straight_type_small_diameter.jpg" title="Hard Drawn Copper Tubing" width="400" /></a></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hard drawn copper tubing is used extensively in commercial refrigeration and air conditioning applications. Due to its hardness and stiffness, it needs a minimum of clamps or supports, particularly in the larger diameters. This tubing should not be bent. Use straight lengths and fittings to form the necessary tubing design.</span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Hard drawn tubing should be used with silver brazed fittings. Soft solder should not be used, <a href="https://refrigerationandac.blogspot.com/2019/02/steel-tubing.html">Fig. 2-1</a> shows a table of copper tube diameters and thicknesses.</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">It may be noted that the diameters and thicknesses are the same for both soft and hard</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">drawn ACR copper tubing. Hard drawn copper tubing is supplied in 20-foot lengths.</span></div></div></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-374797786233521302019-02-14T03:20:00.002-08:002023-07-07T00:37:33.939-07:00Soft Copper Tubing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiquqagoUdjd8UeNY0tiLIHBhGggTvuJU188PPEuxWJZe5IPMF4XZbF64WhbP_EfobJW_nVubYCEHSBtZeqy3HLDmE0kJdJjh_ivQbhsmz7B6myTdAAyNLqe_3lDpBh-rPwArAqdEL0aNE/s1600/copper_tubing_coils.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Soft Copper Tubing" border="0" data-original-height="833" data-original-width="1000" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiquqagoUdjd8UeNY0tiLIHBhGggTvuJU188PPEuxWJZe5IPMF4XZbF64WhbP_EfobJW_nVubYCEHSBtZeqy3HLDmE0kJdJjh_ivQbhsmz7B6myTdAAyNLqe_3lDpBh-rPwArAqdEL0aNE/s400/copper_tubing_coils.jpg" title="Soft Copper Tubing" width="400" /></a></div><span lang="RU" style="line-height: 115%;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: calibri; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: calibri; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span lang="RU" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 115%;">Soft copper tubing is used in domestic, also in some commercial refrigeration and air conditioning work. It is annealed to make the tubing flexible and easy to bend and flare. Since this tubing is easily bent, the tubing must be supported by clamps or suitable brackets when used. Soft copper tubing is most often used in connection with flared fittings (SAE) and soft soldered fittings. </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span lang="RU" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span lang="RU" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 115%;">This tubing is sold in rolls of 25, 50 and 100-foot lengths. The most commonly used sizes are 3/16, 1/4, 5/16, 3/8, 7/16, 1/2, 9/16, 5/8 and 3/4 in. outside diameter (OD). The wall thickness is usually specified in thousandths of an inch,</span></div><br /></span><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-8624390963366903" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-slot="7208292407" style="display: block; text-align: center;"></ins><script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> <span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://refrigerationandac.blogspot.com/2019/02/steel-tubing.html">Fig. 2-1</a> is a table of common copper </span></span>tube<span style="font-size: 14pt;"> diameters and thicknesses. Soft cop</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">per tubing may become hardened by </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">repeated bending or hammering. This is </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">called work hardening, The tubing may be </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">softened some if it is heated to a blue </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">surface color and allowed to cool slowly </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">at room temperature. This treatment is </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">called annealing.</span></span></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-26227962181040707232015-06-04T07:59:00.003-07:002023-07-07T00:35:03.492-07:00Tubing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU044BtToCI4zJ2UEiQmy4UJshk7D-gNEs6QfAnDuDkk8zey-cRYCYtqWbUnR5UgkAGVDGGrGhNrUf3AL19HNoz3xyyGcCyuucZGhmFSWCyP2MMihwhA5WtBAsmx0Sd_HWhfeZe6AuNAE/s1600/copper_tubing_coils5646646456.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU044BtToCI4zJ2UEiQmy4UJshk7D-gNEs6QfAnDuDkk8zey-cRYCYtqWbUnR5UgkAGVDGGrGhNrUf3AL19HNoz3xyyGcCyuucZGhmFSWCyP2MMihwhA5WtBAsmx0Sd_HWhfeZe6AuNAE/s1600/copper_tubing_coils5646646456.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Most tubing used in refrigeration and air conditioning is made of copper. However, some aluminum and steel tubing is being used. Instructions in this chapter will deal principally with copper tubing. All tubing to be used in air conditioning and refrigeration work is carefully processed to be sure that it is clean and dry inside and it must be kept sealed at the ends to be sure that it remains clean and dry in handling.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Most copper tubing used in air conditioning and refrigeration work is known as ACR tubing. This designation indicates that the tubing is intended for air conditioning and refrigeration and that it has been processed to give the desired characteristics. ACR tubing is charged with gaseous nitrogen to keep out air and eliminate oxidation when soldering and silver brazing fittings to the tubing. This tubing should have the ends plugged immediately after cutting a length from the piece.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Another type of copper tubing used in heating and plumbing is called nominal size tubing. Copper tubing is available in both soft and hard types. Both hard and soft copper tubing is available in two wall thicknesses, K and L. Most ACR tubing used at present is the L thickness.</span></div></div></div></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-65860411416925462452014-11-05T22:45:00.002-08:002023-07-07T00:33:50.162-07:00REFRIGERATION TOOLS AND MATERIALS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxyFXR48dENjmLpEdqB21C7EG5dBEdgorFdMRr9RVHEJmTyc5YuFKlOWavE1vTl_L3F6TShhF6E-dUhN-il_MrA7_LZA-N0pxnKqErS9h3U5l2wb_0MMiJ3w08zi3Ir7bW9D7-PgikI3E/s1600/Graphic1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="REFRIGERATION TOOLS AND MATERIALS" border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxyFXR48dENjmLpEdqB21C7EG5dBEdgorFdMRr9RVHEJmTyc5YuFKlOWavE1vTl_L3F6TShhF6E-dUhN-il_MrA7_LZA-N0pxnKqErS9h3U5l2wb_0MMiJ3w08zi3Ir7bW9D7-PgikI3E/s640/Graphic1.JPG" title="REFRIGERATION TOOLS AND MATERIALS" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">The refrigeration serviceman's job consists mainly of performing rather basic mechanical operations using common tools and materials. There are three basic principles which should guide the serviceman:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">1, Know what needs to be done.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">2, Select the proper tools and materials.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">3, Keep all refrigeration mechanisms clean and dry.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">This chapter is carefully planned to give the refrigeration and air conditioning serviceman the necessary basic knowledge concerning tools and materials used in this industry. In addition, directions are given concerning the selection of proper tools and materials and the correct and safe handling of tools used in the many types of refrigeration work.</span></div></div></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-8104623207932850252014-01-22T02:58:00.005-08:002023-07-07T00:32:31.869-07:00Evaporator - Cooling Coil<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpmWk4hz_LEZHTrJ3mqkqfiylijpnzSdD9Q-VJP1GwbzUYS2VcyTQmW2Jxl5-5DjDJsgAVUPdF3X_CBnpDl7XeLbTRNDFgk1ipO6v0BcVeRuNyt9B0Fwn34XbLlz8I4DA9j4GbfTzC1PI/s1600/Graphic1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Evaporator - Cooling Coil" border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1596" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpmWk4hz_LEZHTrJ3mqkqfiylijpnzSdD9Q-VJP1GwbzUYS2VcyTQmW2Jxl5-5DjDJsgAVUPdF3X_CBnpDl7XeLbTRNDFgk1ipO6v0BcVeRuNyt9B0Fwn34XbLlz8I4DA9j4GbfTzC1PI/s640/Graphic1.JPG" title="Evaporator - Cooling Coil" width="638" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this text the word evaporator is used to indicate the coil or surface in which liquid refrigerant boils or evaporates and picks up heat. In some trade literature the word cooling coil is used to indicate the area in which cooling takes place. The correct technical terminology is evaporator coil.</span></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-2038335042243181622014-01-22T02:52:00.005-08:002023-07-07T00:31:21.350-07:00Review, Abbreviations, Symbols<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="Style2" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 5.4pt; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2BORr16SNbJdTgqypHdo84xU1eV89-WgbfU7Gy3J_DoliqZI8bCeK9jH4spJgyr35exaowumtizSAa_l8hehejpfifqiRQTsr16Z1V8daWnLIh3oEi9AGA7m3dN-fbe8Eihkoi9w8YcU/s1600/261549846.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Review, Abbreviations, Symbols" border="0" data-original-height="1190" data-original-width="1600" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2BORr16SNbJdTgqypHdo84xU1eV89-WgbfU7Gy3J_DoliqZI8bCeK9jH4spJgyr35exaowumtizSAa_l8hehejpfifqiRQTsr16Z1V8daWnLIh3oEi9AGA7m3dN-fbe8Eihkoi9w8YcU/s640/261549846.jpg" title="Review, Abbreviations, Symbols" width="640" /></a></div></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Btu = British thermal unit</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Btuh = British thermal units per hour</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">F. = Degrees Fahrenheit</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">C. = Degrees Centigrade</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">FA = Degrees Fahrenheit Absolute</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">CA = Degrees Centigrade Absolute</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">R° = Degrees Rankin = degrees absolute F.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">K° = Degrees Kelvin = degrees absolute C.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">P = pounds = lbs.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">psi = pounds per square inch = lbs. per sq. in.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">i = inches = in.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">f = foot or feet = ft.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">si = square inch = sq. in.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">sf = square feet or foot = sq. ft. r = radius of circle</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">r = radius of circle</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"> π = 3.1416 (a constant use in deter mining the area of a circle)</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">pcf = pounds per cubic foot = lbs. per Cu. ft.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hg = inches of mercury vacuum</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">sp.gr. = specific gravity</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">sp.ht. = specific heat</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">hp = horsepower</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">w = Watts</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">ft.lb. = foot-pounds</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">ton = ton of refrigeration effect</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">lb./cft. = pounds per cubic foot</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">psig = pounds per square inch gauge</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">psi = pounds per square inch = lbs. per sq. in.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">psia = pounds per square inch absolute</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"> = pounds per square inch gauge</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"> plus atmospheric pressure of</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"> 14.7 lbs. or 15 lbs. per sq. in.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Po = Old absolute pressure</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Pn = New absolute pressure</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Vo = Old Volume</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Vn = New Volume</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">To = Old absolute temperature</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Tn = New absolute temperature</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">∞ = Infinity</span></div></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-6449910783270015722013-12-23T02:42:00.004-08:002023-07-07T00:29:54.132-07:00Degree Days<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghc3byQQSaa-_QpI2aUXp7kco4PKDkcERDAbnuJT_Is-kl2X0S84diLYGtoLPcA_ngtIUekQH2A-GVQJ1OLO97sMknFnL-O0DgTTLN5sPFn_-IO-_YgzuuQQORZs9bohs7Qv8STbzGZa4/s1600/3646954964984.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Degree Days" border="0" data-original-height="1123" data-original-width="1600" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghc3byQQSaa-_QpI2aUXp7kco4PKDkcERDAbnuJT_Is-kl2X0S84diLYGtoLPcA_ngtIUekQH2A-GVQJ1OLO97sMknFnL-O0DgTTLN5sPFn_-IO-_YgzuuQQORZs9bohs7Qv8STbzGZa4/s640/3646954964984.jpg" title="Degree Days" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Degree days is a term used to indicate the heating or cooling needed for any certain day.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">It is calculated from a temperature of 65 degrees. (It should be noted that the standard conditions temperature is 68 degrees.) The degree day is computed by taking the mean of the highest temperature and the lowest temperature for a day and subtracting it from 65.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Example: The lowest recorded temperature for a certain day was 28 F. (degrees)</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">The highest recorded temperature for the same day was 36 F. (degrees)</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">The mean temperature for the day was</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">28 + 36</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">2 - 31 degrees</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">65 -32 = 33 degree days.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Degree days may be added by weeks, months or for a season to give a comparison of the heating needs for different years.</span></div></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-49590240310517709752013-12-14T04:39:00.003-08:002023-07-07T00:28:32.805-07:00Temperature Humidity index<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGr2sLKOcxqaD7EWL-oBisgVyqMNuieTEG9vJ7WXyvVQD-UWcO7FNWzgXCKfxR3URUJfW7Y5et_dq_-e51qgpAwgRigCF9qp1AcpT9oKC9B588jYsbXRiZMlve5Mnp7FHMxOxWIfEC4fg/s1600/6549849849.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Temperature Humidity index" border="0" data-original-height="1139" data-original-width="1600" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGr2sLKOcxqaD7EWL-oBisgVyqMNuieTEG9vJ7WXyvVQD-UWcO7FNWzgXCKfxR3URUJfW7Y5et_dq_-e51qgpAwgRigCF9qp1AcpT9oKC9B588jYsbXRiZMlve5Mnp7FHMxOxWIfEC4fg/s640/6549849849.jpg" title="Temperature Humidity index" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">The term "temperature humidity index" (THI) is a number which aims to establish the degree of discomfort of the average individual due to the ambient temperature and the relative humidity.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">It is indicated by a number. The THI is calculated by a mathematical formula as follows: THI = .4 of the sum of the wet and dry bulb temperature plus 15.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Example No. 1. On a certain day, the wet bulb temperature was 70 degrees and the dry bulb temperature was 80 degrees.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">The THI = .4 x (70 +80) + 15</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">= .4 x (150) + 15</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">= 60 + 15</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">= 75</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">From this it may be seen that the relative humidity as indicated by the wet bulb temperature is quite important in establishing the temperature humidity index.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">Example No. 2. On a certain day, the dry bulb temperature was 80 degrees and the wet bulb temperature was 75 degrees.</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">The TI-11 = .4 x (80 + 75) + 15</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">= .4 x (155) + 15</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">= 62 + 15</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">= 77</span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">In example No. 1, the relative humidity was 61% and in example No. 2 it was 79%. The dry bulb or ambient temperature was the same on both days, however, the THI is two points higher on the second day due to the higher humidity.</span></div></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-7375299674946444732013-12-11T05:03:00.004-08:002023-07-07T00:26:15.531-07:00Humidity Measurement (Hygrometer)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq1aiLEwqp0xepzAS28A0ZwgLkbrzrxon8aJZoZaGKgqlyHQVRsXVuLQrNdrqT-cbjwKYHyF2vIReP5lbvKzRa3qWmGl6YyXw_7MjJ85VxytqbU2xzq6Uv31C8bmKengEY2qhis1BMSZE/s1600/31651651651.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Humidity Measurement (Hygrometer)" border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq1aiLEwqp0xepzAS28A0ZwgLkbrzrxon8aJZoZaGKgqlyHQVRsXVuLQrNdrqT-cbjwKYHyF2vIReP5lbvKzRa3qWmGl6YyXw_7MjJ85VxytqbU2xzq6Uv31C8bmKengEY2qhis1BMSZE/s640/31651651651.jpg" title="Humidity Measurement (Hygrometer)" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><span style="font-family: arial;">Relative humidity is measured by a hygrometer. A hygrometer consists of two identical thermometers. The bulb of one is uncovered and dry, (dry bulb). The bulb of the other thermometer is covered with a wick and it is kept moist, (wet bulb). The two thermometers will not read alike. The bulb of the wet bulb thermometer will be cooled slightly by the evaporation of the moisture from the wick surrounding the bulb. Consequently, this thermometer will read lower than the dry bulb thermometer.<br /><br />The lower the humidity the more rapidly the moisture on the wet bulb will evaporate and this rapid evaporation will cool the wet bulb to a much lower temperature than the dry bulb. If the humidity is high, approaching 100%, the difference between the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature will be very slight, one degree or less.<br /><br />To determine the relative humidity, the operator records the difference between the dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures and refers to established tables which indicate the relative humidity for the air being tested. An instrument for measuring relative humidity using a wet and a dry bulb the thermometer is called a psychrometer. Hygrometers using a moisture absorbing wood, hair and other substances are being used, however, the wet and dry bulb thermometer (psychrometer) is simple, reliable and easy to operate.</span>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-56505231021607151502013-12-11T04:56:00.008-08:002023-07-07T00:24:35.181-07:00Saturated Vapor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0L1gvV8gkieBxFFbyUkTjQbXcBy4doo89-s1gMaYKnBjTe35aiEhSVtrLLFti0s7oHdY7v5vuVOPDaupm62B_8XHzNnDtu3aODodcM5y5s2zE7fKyTL9vZjSY9OX58kPmvKTQ4Nv2ZzM/s1600/34965135465.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Saturated Vapor" border="0" data-original-height="1352" data-original-width="1600" height="540" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0L1gvV8gkieBxFFbyUkTjQbXcBy4doo89-s1gMaYKnBjTe35aiEhSVtrLLFti0s7oHdY7v5vuVOPDaupm62B_8XHzNnDtu3aODodcM5y5s2zE7fKyTL9vZjSY9OX58kPmvKTQ4Nv2ZzM/s640/34965135465.jpg" title="Saturated Vapor" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">The term "saturated vapor" identifies a condition of balance on an enclosed quantity of a vaporized fluid in which liquid will be condensed out if the temperature is lowered or the pressure increased. There is usually, some of the substance in liquid form present when the vapor is saturated. This implies that all of the substance has been vaporized that can be vaporized under the present conditions of pressure and temperature.</span></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-52616074838431173702013-12-11T04:53:00.003-08:002023-07-07T00:23:27.633-07:00Relative Humidity<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5JKwwRoQCUim0Blsnpvv-ZnpAigTD-OvMHtM4x-MZodTgfSKscHBonaVwVIqbtVzXZty7T-8kvVBelDHMWTgOQMVHneeuIJSltzI1gkZP76RSc1PBq_lgwue8KG-cLyc87tkavOkuK3A/s1600/3659689879.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Relative Humidity" border="0" data-original-height="1525" data-original-width="1600" height="608" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5JKwwRoQCUim0Blsnpvv-ZnpAigTD-OvMHtM4x-MZodTgfSKscHBonaVwVIqbtVzXZty7T-8kvVBelDHMWTgOQMVHneeuIJSltzI1gkZP76RSc1PBq_lgwue8KG-cLyc87tkavOkuK3A/s640/3659689879.jpg" title="Relative Humidity" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">As previously explained, relative humidity is the percentage of moisture contained in a sample of air compared to the maximum amount of moisture which it is capable of holding at the stated temperature and pressure.</span></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-63805368040184511982013-12-11T04:49:00.008-08:002023-07-07T00:22:25.399-07:00Humidity<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj278PGLtLrdKQVSBucJLyPVALhz4Cnkj2Biblh_7aIcfzggEWONsslbXVvVDTRKwGrosKbyrGfUd69aZkB0qxNyaDw8Ura-q3G-6W7mRlh07NmwF8sSv7Rcqiy8bHMIl6QA69DDImBlOo/s1600/35965169.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Humidity" border="0" data-original-height="1202" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj278PGLtLrdKQVSBucJLyPVALhz4Cnkj2Biblh_7aIcfzggEWONsslbXVvVDTRKwGrosKbyrGfUd69aZkB0qxNyaDw8Ura-q3G-6W7mRlh07NmwF8sSv7Rcqiy8bHMIl6QA69DDImBlOo/s640/35965169.jpg" title="Humidity" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: arial;">The word humidity as used on connection with refrigeration, air conditioning, and weather information refers to water vapor or moisture contained in the air. Air absorbs moisture (water vapor) the amount depending on the pressure and temperature of the air. The higher the temperature of the air, the more moisture it can absorb. The higher the pressure of the air, the smaller the amount of moisture it can absorb. The amount of moisture carried in a sample of air, compared to the total amount which it can absorb at the stated pressure and temperature, is called relative humidity.</span></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-71360684434301155512013-12-10T02:21:00.003-08:002023-07-07T00:21:20.630-07:00Isothermal Expansion and Contraction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDOgJtJ4QBWTIWUhZs8B3HPB36jf1y2IK3R4IbJo7v3RW330KeMQboEBoZlkoQ4VWlNYQHYYmwPxCLl0HQQp0xzCRQV8zSYTTk2w0roAw1ge6CR9L7aqGu_iAVIe0EhGNUs7oun5UrMgE/s1600/359468798.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Isothermal Expansion and Contraction" border="0" data-original-height="931" data-original-width="1277" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDOgJtJ4QBWTIWUhZs8B3HPB36jf1y2IK3R4IbJo7v3RW330KeMQboEBoZlkoQ4VWlNYQHYYmwPxCLl0HQQp0xzCRQV8zSYTTk2w0roAw1ge6CR9L7aqGu_iAVIe0EhGNUs7oun5UrMgE/s640/359468798.jpg" title="Isothermal Expansion and Contraction" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">An isothermal condition is the expansion or contraction of a gas which occurs without a change in temperature (Boyle's Law, Par. 1-50). This condition can occur either during the expansion or the compression of a gas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">During the expansion of a gas, the gas is cooled and therefore the heat necessary to keep the gas at a constant temperature must be obtained from an outside source. The heat obtained from the outside source must be exactly equal to that given up by the gas during its expansion, in order to keep the temperature constant.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Similarly, during the isothermal compression of gas, heat must be removed from the gas in an amount equal to the heat energy of compression in order to maintain a constant temperature. Regardless of whether the compressor is air-cooled or water-cooled, the heat removed must be equal to the heat input done by the work of compressing the gas.</span></div></div></div>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7098036764733169890.post-36092493042570660782013-12-10T02:15:00.004-08:002023-07-07T00:20:14.518-07:00Adiabatic Expansion and Contraction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ_F7leJ3SA7XHksq9_XiQoVrqnntXiO3_tNlWC6rtwiYRYoLz1MDdWJn4nKd7UtH7rWFgf5aiawdwjmCZIRsvT1Y6fOm1Ehs27miLPwHCyb9KX1LgxAvGyEKjO_FEOmoWhw40B8hjeGI/s1600/354864654.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Adiabatic Expansion and Contraction" border="0" data-original-height="1148" data-original-width="1600" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ_F7leJ3SA7XHksq9_XiQoVrqnntXiO3_tNlWC6rtwiYRYoLz1MDdWJn4nKd7UtH7rWFgf5aiawdwjmCZIRsvT1Y6fOm1Ehs27miLPwHCyb9KX1LgxAvGyEKjO_FEOmoWhw40B8hjeGI/s640/354864654.jpg" title="Adiabatic Expansion and Contraction" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div><span style="font-family: arial;">The term adiabatic refers to the process whereby a gas expands or contracts without any transfer of heat into it or from it during the expansion or compression. Adiabatic expansion and compression of gases would occur if the gas was placed in a perfectly insulated cylinder with a frictionless piston so that heat could not enter the gas during expansion or escape during compression.<br /><br />During the adiabatic expansion of ideal gases, the work performed, compression and expansion are obtained FROM THE GAS. Thus, during the expansion, the pressure and temperature of the ideal gas decrease. Also, when work is done on gas as it is adiabatically compressed, the heat generated is not lost, but increases the temperature and consequently the pressure of the confined gas.</span>Adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04953023215973147139noreply@blogger.com0